Security

Security hardening checklist for production Spice.ai Enterprise deployments.

Spice.ai Enterprise ships secure-by-default \u2014 mTLS between cluster nodes, non-root container UID, scratch base image, OIDC authentication. This page documents the additional hardening steps every production deployment should apply.

For protocol-level details, see Authentication and mTLS Cluster Security.

Container and pod security

Image provenance

• Pull Spice.ai Enterprise runtime and operator images only from the official AWS Marketplace ECR registry. The images are not published to a public registry. See AWS Marketplace for subscription and pull setup.

• Pin every image reference to an immutable digest rather than a floating tag:

spec:
  spiceai_image_registry: 709825985650.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
  spiceai_image_name: spice-ai/spiceai-enterprise-byol
  spiceai_image_tag: latest-models@sha256:1f4a...

• Verify image signatures with cosign verify against the Spice.ai public key prior to admission. Wire this into the cluster's image policy webhook (Kyverno, OPA Gatekeeper, AWS Signer).

• Run the organization's image scanner (Trivy, Snyk, Aqua) against every image before promotion. Spice publishes SBOMs for every Enterprise image.

Pod security

The operator and the Helm chart already configure non-root execution. Layer in the rest of the Pod Security Standards "restricted" profile on the namespace:

apiVersion: v1
kind: Namespace
metadata:
  name: spiceai
  labels:
    pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce: restricted
    pod-security.kubernetes.io/enforce-version: latest

The runtime image is FROM scratch and runs as UID 65534 (nobody). Production deployments should additionally:

spec:
  podSecurityContext:
    fsGroup: 65534
    seccompProfile:
      type: RuntimeDefault
  securityContext:
    runAsNonRoot: true
    runAsUser: 65534
    allowPrivilegeEscalation: false
    readOnlyRootFilesystem: true
    capabilities:
      drop: ["ALL"]

When readOnlyRootFilesystem: true is set, mount an emptyDir at /tmp for the runtime's scratch space.

Network policy

Limit ingress to the load balancer / ingress controller and egress to the upstream data sources Spice actually needs:

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: NetworkPolicy
metadata:
  name: spiceai-default
  namespace: spiceai
spec:
  podSelector:
    matchLabels:
      spice.ai/app: prod-router
  policyTypes: [Ingress, Egress]
  ingress:
    - from:
        - namespaceSelector:
            matchLabels:
              name: ingress-nginx
      ports:
        - { port: 8090, protocol: TCP }
        - { port: 50051, protocol: TCP }
  egress:
    - to:
        - namespaceSelector: {}
      ports:
        - { port: 53, protocol: UDP }
    - to:
        - ipBlock: { cidr: 10.0.0.0/8 }   # Internal VPC
      ports:
        - { port: 443, protocol: TCP }

For SpicepodCluster, additionally allow scheduler/executor traffic on 50051 (Flight) and 50052 (cluster mTLS) within the cluster namespace.

The Spice Kubernetes Operator also accepts egress and ingress on the SpicepodSet spec directly:

spec:
  ingress:
    - from:
        - namespaceSelector:
            matchLabels:
              name: api-gateway
      ports:
        - { port: 8090, protocol: TCP }
  egress:
    - to:
        - ipBlock: { cidr: 10.10.0.0/16 }
      ports:
        - { port: 5432, protocol: TCP }   # Postgres data source

Authentication

Production deployments must authenticate every external request. Spice.ai supports:

• OIDC bearer tokens \u2014 JWTs issued by Microsoft Entra ID, Okta, Auth0, AWS Cognito, etc.

• API keys \u2014 hashed keys configured in the runtime, suitable for service-to-service calls.

• Combined \u2014 OIDC for human users, API keys for service callers, both checked on every request.

The runtime exposes the authenticated principal in SQL via the identity functions: current_user_id(), current_org_id(), current_user_has_role('<role>'), and session_property('<key>'). Use these in row filters and column masks to enforce per-user authorization.

For allow/deny decisions across datasets, models, tools, and endpoints — plus fine-grained row filters and column masks — configure Cedar-based authorization policy under runtime.authorization.

Never expose the runtime externally without authentication. The default Helm chart configuration permits all callers \u2014 always set auth.enabled: true and configure at least one provider for production.

Secrets management

Secrets should never be embedded in values.yaml or in checked-in Spicepods. Source them from a secret store:

Platform	Recommended store
AWS	AWS Secrets Manager with IRSA.
Azure	Azure Key Vault with workload identity.
GCP	Secret Manager via the GKE workload identity binding.
Any	Kubernetes Secrets (supports External Secrets Operator).
Local	Keyring for development only.

For Kubernetes deployments, prefer the External Secrets Operator or SOPS-encrypted manifests in Git; both provide auditability without checked-in plaintext.

mTLS for SpicepodCluster

SpicepodCluster provisions a self-signed root CA and issues per-node leaf certificates automatically. Production checklist:

• allowInsecureConnections is not set on the SpicepodCluster (default).

• An alert on spiced_cluster_certificate_expiry_seconds < 7 * 24 * 3600 is wired up. See Observability.

• The CA secret backup procedure is documented \u2014 loss of the CA forces a full cluster certificate re-issuance.

For deployments that require a customer-managed CA (for example, an enterprise PKI or HashiCorp Vault), issue the root CA externally and pass it to the operator via the mTLS configuration.

Audit logging

Spice's structured logs include the authenticated principal on every query and admin operation. Forward these to the organization's SIEM:

• Tag query logs with tenant, principal, and dataset labels for downstream filtering.

• Retain authentication failures for at least 90 days.

• Alert on bursts of Unauthorized / Forbidden HTTP status codes per source IP.

Operator RBAC

The Spice Kubernetes Operator runs with the minimum permissions it needs to manage SpicepodSet and SpicepodCluster resources. The Helm chart's ClusterRole is intentionally scoped \u2014 do not extend it without review.

If running multiple Spice Operators in a single cluster (for multi-tenant isolation), use the --watch-namespace flag to scope each operator to a single namespace and grant a namespaced Role rather than a ClusterRole.

Hardening checklist

• Image references pinned to immutable digests.

• Image signatures verified via cosign admission policy.

• Image scan results reviewed before promotion.

• Pod Security Standards restricted profile enforced on the namespace.

• runAsNonRoot, readOnlyRootFilesystem, dropped capabilities, RuntimeDefault seccomp.

• NetworkPolicy restricting ingress and egress.

• OIDC or API key authentication enabled and tested.

• Secrets sourced from a secret store, not values.yaml.

• Identity SQL functions used for row-level authorization where applicable.

• Cedar authorization policy is enabled with default: deny and an audited admin allow rule.

• mTLS enabled on every SpicepodCluster; certificate expiry alert wired.

• Audit logs forwarded to SIEM with 90-day retention.

• Operator RBAC reviewed; namespace-scoped operators for multi-tenant clusters.