Data Types
A data type is a classification of data that determines the type of value a variable possesses and the types of mathematical, relational, or logical operations that can be performed on it. Spice supports the following SQL data types: numeric, string and binary, boolean, date and time, and semi-structured.
Summary of Supported Data Types in Spice
Spice supports the following SQL data types.
Numeric Data Types
DECIMAL
A DECIMAL type has precision (p) and scale (s): DECIMAL(p,s). Precision is the total number of digits. Scale is the number of digits to the right of the decimal point. When you perform arithmetic on DECIMAL types that have different precision and/or scale, the return value will have sufficient precision and scale to hold the result of the operation. The following are decimal limitations in Spice:
Decimal numeric literals in SQL queries cannot be larger than the maximum
BIGINTvalue, which is9223372036854775807.Queries that perform arithmetic operations on a column and literal may cause errors. For example,
SELECT CAST(12345 as DOUBLE) * CAST(A as DOUBLE)fails. The workaround is to use a string value such asSELECT CAST('12345' as DOUBLE) * CAST(A as DOUBLE).Queries casting numeric literals to decimal should use specific precision. Precision of literal cannot be lowered. For example,
CAST(123.23 as DECIMAL(2,0))returns the same number as the output since the given number cannot be represented using a precision of2.When there is an overflow with the decimal arithmetic output, the returned result will overflow.
987.65 is a DECIMAL(5, 2) value
INT
A 4-byte signed integer. The supported range is from -2147483648 to 2147483647.
5135
BIGINT
An 8-byte signed integer. The supported range is from -9223372036854775808 to 9223372036854775807.
-749826542587
FLOAT
A 4-byte single-precision floating point. A FLOAT provides six decimal digits of precision.
123.123456
DOUBLE
8-byte double-precision floating point. A DOUBLE provides 15 decimal digits of precision.
123.123456789012345
String & Binary Data Types
VARCHAR
VARCHAR stands for variable-length character string. By default, the maximum allowed length is 32,000 bytes. VARCHAR supports only UTF-8 encoded values.
18852367854
VARBINARY
VARBINARY stands for variable-length binary string. By default, the maximum allowed length is 32,000 bytes. The value must be entered as a string value.
SELECT CAST ('help' as VARBINARY)
-- aGVscA==
Boolean Data Type
BOOLEAN
The supported values for BOOLEAN include true, false, and null.
TRUE, FALSE, and NULL
Date & Time Data Types
DATE
A date value that enables you to calculate and store consistent information about the date of the events and transactions.
Note:
When using a string literal for the date, yyyy-mm-dd is the only supported format. To use a different format, use the TO_DATE() function.
DATE ‘2000-01-01’
TIME
Identifies the time of day, which enables you to calculate and store consistent information about the time of the events and transactions.
Note:
When using a string literal for the time, HH24:MI:SS.sss and HH24:MI:SS are the only supported formats. To use a different format, use the TO_TIME() function.
TIME ‘17:30:50.235’
TIME ‘17:30:50’
TIMESTAMP
Represents an absolute point in time with millisecond precision without a time zone. Timestamps are truncated to the nearest millisecond.
TIMESTAMP ‘2000-01-01 01:30:50’
TIMESTAMP ‘2000-01-01 17:30:50’
TIMESTAMP ‘2000-01-01 17:30:50.9’
TIMESTAMP ‘2000-01-01 17:30:50.12’
TIMESTAMP ‘2000-01-01 17:30:50.123’
INTERVAL (day to seconds) INTERVAL (years to months)
Intervals are used to represent a measure of time. Spice supports the two available types of intervals: year-month, which stores the year and month (YYYY-MM); and day-time (DD HH:MM:SS), which stores the days, hours, minutes, and seconds.
Additionally, the following forms are supported:
DAY HOUR:MINUTE:SECOND:MILLISECOND - For example,
INTERVAL '3' DAYYEAR-MONTH - For example,
INTERVAL '3' MONTHYEAR-MONTH - For example,
INTERVAL '1' YEARDAY - For example,
INTERVAL '5' DAYMINUTE - For example,
INTERVAL '5' MINUTESECOND - For example,
INTERVAL '5' SECONDDAY TO HOUR - For example,
INTERVAL '4 01' DAY TO HOURDAY TO MINUTE - For example,
INTERVAL '4 01:01' DAY TO MINUTEDAY TO SECOND - For example,
INTERVAL '4 01:01:01' DAY TO SECOND
INTERVAL ‘1 2:34:56.789’ DAY TO SECOND
INTERVAL ‘1-5’ YEAR TO MONTH
Semi-structured Data Types
STRUCT
Used to represent collections of key-value pairs. Keys are non-empty, case-insensitive strings, and values can be of any type. The example shows the required format for a query where the key (city) must be enclosed in [ ] and the column (address) is a STRUCT data type.
Note:
Spice does not have STRUCT literals, but you can get the same result using CONVERT_FROM and JSON strings. For example:
SELECT CONVERT_FROM('{"name":"Gnarly", "age":7, "car":null}', 'json')
-- {"name:"Gnarly","age":7}
SELECT address['city'] FROM customerTable.
LIST
Used to represent a list of arbitrary size, where the index is a non-negative integer and values can be of any type. The example shows the required format for a query where the index (100) must be enclosed in [ ] and the column (OrderHistoryTable) is a LIST data type.
Note:
Spice does not have LIST literals, but you can get the same result using CONVERT_FROM and JSON strings. For example:
SELECT CONVERT_FROM('["apple", "strawberry", "banana"]', 'json')
-- ["apple","strawberry","banana"]
SELECT customerOrders[100] FROM OrderHistoryTable
MAP
The MAP type is a collection of key-value pairs. MAP keys are case-insensitive strings. All values in a given map have the same type. For example, map<string, int> represents a mapping where the keys are strings and the values are integers. To retrieve the value of a MAP element, use column['key'] syntax: SELECT <column_name['<key_name>']> FROM <table_name>. For information about the SQL functions that are available for MAP expressions, see Datatype.
SELECT address['city'] FROM customerTable
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